Banned Books in US Prisons

Many prison libraries have limits and guidelines on the types of books that are allowed in prison-- there are many banned books in US prisons. While this makes most librarians uncomfortable there are legitimate security issues that must be considered. It makes sense that books on how to pick a lock or build bombs or make homemade wine are bad book-buying choices in a prison environment. As a former prison librarian, I accepted this. While many librarians do not like censorship in prison the first priority in a prison library is security.

The Art of War is Banned in Many US Prisons

However, some US prisons become a little over-enthusiastic with the banning of books and may judge a book by its title alone. Case in point-- The Art of War by Sun Tzu. Many United States prisons have banned The Art of War. Why? It's all about the title. I assure you I never met a correctional officer or warden who read this classic tome that is indeed about warfare but also has implications for how to live one's life. I never realized that The Art of War, which was written between 475 and 221 BCE, was considered negative in any context until I became a prison librarian.

So, what is The Art of War and why is it so dangerous? First of all, in the 21st century, The Art of War is more about strategy than violence. For example, one quote from Sun Tzu says simply, 'There is no instance of a nation benefitting from prolonged warfare.' Over 2,000 years later these words are still true.

There is also a lot of spying, lying, and deception that goes on in war. I think this is the kernel of The Art of War that is not acceptable to some in a prison environment. Here is a quote from Sun Tzu or Sunzi,

“All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when we are able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must appear inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.”

The 48 Laws of Power

This quote reminds me of another infamous book that is banned in prison called The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene. As a well-read librarian and former bookstore clerk, I was surprised that I had never heard of this book. Considered a modern-day Machiavelli, The 48 Laws of Power teaches deception with the ultimate goal of absolute power in every situation. One of the Laws of Power is, "When it comes to power, outshining the master is perhaps the worst mistake of all." I have learned this lesson the hard way and mostly found it to be true.

Perhaps a more odious quote from Robert Greene, 

"Remember: The best deceivers do everything they can to cloak their roguish qualities. They cultivate an air of honesty in one area to disguise their dishonesty in others. Honesty is merely another decoy in their arsenal of weapons."

I read The 48 Laws of Power and found it really repulsive in its guidance for narcissists and autocrats. But I also learned to look at life from the point of view of someone who only has their own self-interests in mind and literally sees the world and the workplace as a battlefield for power. Yuck.

American Sign Language Books Banned in Prison

At one prison I worked in, many inmates had learned the American Sign Language alphabet and used it to communicate with each other. This infuriated the prison administration which could not be bothered to learn this simple form of communication to be able to interpret what the inmates were saying. Because of this conflict, no books on sign language were allowed in the prison. I know the basic sign language alphabet and was sometimes able to read the signs that were mostly friendly trash-talking between inmates. I remember one warden musing that books on learning foreign languages should also be banned so that inmates could not learn and communicate in another language. Really. Maybe that's why Florida prisons banned a Klingon Dictionary in 2019?

Behold a Pale Horse Banned in Prisons

Behold a Pale Horse by Milton William Cooper was also an often requested book that is banned in many prisons. This is a book I have never read and had never heard of until I became a prison librarian. Conspiracy theories were popular and rampant in every prison in which I worked-- I have written about some of them here. This book written in 1991 is about UFOs and also contains a militia manifesto that has influenced the right-wing militia movement in the United States. I would assume it is the militia aspect of this book that is more concerning than the UFO aspect. A disturbing quote from Behold a Pale Horse reads,

“All science is merely a means to an end. The means is knowledge. The end is control. [THE END ALWAYS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS.]” I think the theme that makes this book threatening to prison administrators is the organized plans for militias to create riots. Riots are never a good thing in prison.

Martial Art Books Banned in Prisons

Every prison I ever worked in banned outright all martial arts books. The worst-case scenario here, I guess, is that the inmates become martial arts experts and take over the prison. I worked with one inmate who claimed a religious exemption as a Buddhist to be able to get a Tai Chi book for practice. The irony here is that many prisons feature weight-lifting as recreation and physical fitness. Isn't there a potential for an army of musclemen to rise up and take over the prison? No, this is really just a great way for the incarcerated to blow off steam in a healthy way. 

Banned Book Lists from the USA

Just for fun and because I can, I browsed through banned book lists from prisons all over the United States. Some of the items on those lists reveal that the title alone is enough to get them banned. For example, I noticed that the California state prison system banned a book in 2019 entitled How to Beat Up Anybody by the comedian Judah Friedlander who does not appear as if he has ever swung a punch in his life. This book is a work of satire about the martial arts world but not an actual martial arts educational book-- this book is most likely banned because of the total alone. Friedlander is best known for his role as writer Frank Rossitano on the tv show 30 Rock.

No Sex Mags in Prison Libraries

Many prisons ban magazines and books with an overtly sexual theme. While many prisons do not outright ban the buying and possession of pornography, most magazines that are hardcore porn are banned which makes sense. As a side note, the list of pornographic publications that are banned in Illinois prisons is extensive, diverse, and a little obsessive.

Dungeons and Dragons In Prison

Some prisons, including in Virginia, ban guidebooks for Dungeons and Dragons no doubt due to the myth that it inspires violence. I knew many inmates who used D&D to spend endless hours peacefully in prison. There is nothing wrong with playing Dungeons and Dragons-- in fact, it encourages positive socialization and develops critical thinking skills. While we are talking about dragons, I noticed many prisons banned all Game of Thrones books which also seems excessive and unreasonable. Inmates especially love long books because it gives them many hours immersed in one story, and provide an excellent form of escapism. 

Banned Books in Kansas Prisons

The banned books in Kansas state prisons are strangely specific. For example, Twelve Years a Slave by Soloman Northup is banned. Ta-Nahisi Coates' Between the World and Me is also on that list. The only book by esteemed mystery author James Lee Burke on the list is A Stained White Radiance. Is this book banned because it has a theme about the sins of slavery in the United States? Is this set of books banned in Kansas prisons because they highlight slavery and its effects on the past and present?

It looks like ALL of James Patterson's books are banned in Kansas prisons which is incredibly short-sighted for any library. One of the appeals of James Patterson is that he consistently writes at a sixth-grade level so he has wide accessibility and therefore wide appeal. Patterson is one of the most popular authors in the world-- this is cruel and unusual punishment to not include him in Kansas state prisons. 

Random Banned Books in US Prisons

Mein Kampf is banned in many, if not most, prisons since I have to assume no one wants inmates to get any ideas from Adolf Hitler. True Crime books are very popular in prison. Many inmates wanted me to acquire True Crime books in a prison library where I once worked. My supervisor would not spend taxpayer’s dollars to buy them but I did manage to get donations of used True Crime books for inmates. These books were always in heavy rotation. I don’t think they were studying for their next big crime, I think they were just reading for the entertainment value, or perhaps as a cautionary tale, just like everyone else.

I think that the intention of banning books in prison is to keep the prison safe. Some books by nature of their subject matter need to be banned or disallowed for safety reasons. I am also OK with the banning of extreme pornography in prisons because it is traded and sold as currency and because much of it is not respectful of women. There are a lot of men in prison who have committed crimes against women and pornography reinforces the idea that women are to be used as objects and servants. If prisons are supposed to attempt some kind of reformation or correction of character, it makes sense that hardcore pornography is not a part of the prison experience.

But to judge books as unsafe for inmate minds (such as James Patterson) seems hypocritical in the face of the fact that many prisons do not ban violent video games such as Grant Theft Auto, the very crime that could have sent the player to prison. I am willing to bet that inmates that read James Patterson are less likely to re-offend than nonreading inmates just because they are reading.

For this article, I used my own professional experiences from working in prison libraries in Maryland and West Virginia as well as the lists compiled by the Books To Prisoners program here. This program points out that prison policies about books that are accepted and that are not are vague and inconsistently enforced. From their website,

"Books to Prisoners believes that prisoners benefit from access to information. An excessive restriction on reading materials infantilizes incarcerated adults and contributes to an environment of distrust between inmates and correctional officers that hampers rehabilitative goals. The costs outweigh the benefits."

Read more about Sun Tzu aka Sunzi here.

Who Was Inmate John Leibig? A Story of Death, Treason, and the Wild West

The mugshot photo of German immigrant John Leibig is unusual in that he is dressed in what looks like his best Sunday suit. This photograph was taken at Leavenworth Prison in Kansas in 1918 when John Leibig began a year-and-a-half sentence for violation of the Espionage Act. Allegedly, neighbors testified that Leibig spoke of being willing to pay money for the assassination of President Woodrow Wilson and for saying that Americans could never win a war against Germany among other things.

This photograph caught my attention since this is an image of an older man wearing an expensive suit. Leibig is 55 years old and his face shows the weather of being outdoors in hard weather. This is not a stereotypical mugshot of a rancher from the wild west of Wyoming. Who was inmate John Leibig and what was the whole story of his incarceration? Why did President Wilson commute or lessen his sentence from one and a half years to one year? It is a long and complicated tale with lots of missing information so hold on to your hats for the story that is a small piece of history of Wyoming, USA.

Aliens and Slackers: Loyalty, Sedition and Vigilante Justice in World War I Wyoming. This professional piece of research is the foundation for what is written here combined with the prison file of John Leibig from Leavenworth Prison now archived at the National Archives online. If you are intrigued by this story and want to know the nitty-gritty details, read Aliens and Slackers, and you will not be disappointed.


By the 1890s, John Leibig is ranching in Leo, Wyoming, and goes on to create a very successful business on a prime piece of land with permitted access to water, a key to success on the American frontier. By 1905, Leibig became an American citizen and continued to build his ranching business by acquiring more land, sheep, and cattle.

The US Declares War on Germany

In 1917, US President Woodrow Wilson declares war on the German Empire and so Germany becomes the enemy of the nation. As a nation of immigrants, German immigrants were soon national enemies as well in the United States.

In spring 1917 Leibig is middle-aged with plans to sell the ranch and move to the warmer climate of southern California. As the details of the sale were being organized, the US Attorney's Office in Cheyenne received an anonymous complaint of John Leibig making treasonous statements.

Quoting from Phil Roberts, Aliens and Slackers:

"The warrant for his arrest charged him with an 'attempt to obstruct the Recruiting and Enlistment Service of the U. S. Army.' Affidavits, presented at the preliminary hearing on the following Thursday, made by unidentified Leibig neighbors, stated that Leibig 'believes that Germany has acted perfectly right in all her dealings, even as regards the murder and torture of Belgian women and children.' Another swore that Leibig 'had disposed of all his holdings in this section" and he planned to go to California and then into Mexico, 'so that he can from there aid his native country.' Names of the affiants were not mentioned in the news article."

The Alleged Murder of Louis Senfton

While out of jail on bond, John Leibig has an argument with the man who represents a larger company that is buying his land, Louis Senfton. The two men were apparently living together at opposite ends of the ranch house as Leibig continued to liquidate his belongings preparing for his move to California and the property sale to Senfton and associates. There are conflicting testimonies about what happened on October 20, 1917, but the result left Louis Senfton dead from a shotgun at close range and John Leibig was charged with his murder.

It is only after the death of Senfton that news reports come out that he was the anonymous person who had reported that John Leibig was making treasonous statements. This raises several important questions. The sale of Leibig's ranch was still pending at the time that he was reported for treason and at the time of the death of Senfton. As Phil Roberts points out, it is highly unlikely that John Leibig would agree to sell his property to Senfton if he knew of this. Were Senfton and his partners trying to obtain John Leibig's property through nefarious channels by accusing him of treason? Did John Leibig kill Senfton out of rage? Did Louis Senfton accidentally kill himself as John Leibig reported? Unfortunately, many of these questions may remain unanswered.

John Leibig's attorney Hugo Donzelman defended him at the week-long trial. The jury deliberated for two hours and found Leibig not guilty of murdering Louis Senfton. Even though Leibig was released the treason charges were still pending in a federal court in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Espionage Act Violation and Threats Against the President

From Phil Roberts,

"Just before the case was to go to trial, Leibig changed his plea from "not guilty" to "guilty" on all counts. Given that he faced a possible 220 years' sentence in prison if found guilty, his decision to plead guilty likely came as the result of a plea bargain. Once the plea was entered, U. S. District Judge John Riner immediately sentenced him to 1 /1/2 years in the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. At that point, Leibig became only the second man in Wyoming sent to federal prison for violation of the Espionage and Sedition Acts."

Leibig is convicted of a violation of the Espionage Act and for making threats against the President. After the guilty verdict, John Leibig is taken into custody and transported to Leavenworth Prison in Kansas.

I think it is interesting to note that in Leibig's Trusty Prisoner's Agreement when asked to 'Give a full history of the crime for which you were sent here' the response is recorded as:

"It is alleged that I violated the Espionage Act and that I made threats against the President. I pleaded guilty." This is not an admission of guilt but clearly states the charges. We also learn that he plans to correspond with Charley Ellis of Difficulty, Wyoming, and John Schneider of Hanna, Wyoming.

Also included in John Leibig's inmate file is a copy of his sentence commutation from the Department of Justice. While not a full pardon, it lessens Leibig's sentence from 18 months to one year. It is signed by 'Pardon Attorney' James A. Finch. During this time period in American history, the only way to appeal a sentence was by requesting it from the President of the United States. I have to assume that the sentence of John Leibig was appealed by his lawyer, Donzelman and that the President's administration agreed to reduce his sentence by one-third.



While I previously speculated that John Leibig might have been something of a loner, the Correspondance List shows that he is in touch with attorneys, business contacts, and friends in Wyoming during his year at Leavenworth prison. The prison record shows that Leibig had no prison infractions and no prior convictions.




After his release in the Spring of 1919, John Leibig may be found in the 1920 US Census in Denver, Colorado living in a modest boarding house. It is interesting to note in the census document that John Leibig (age 57) lists a spouse, Diana Leibig (age 58). 

The census document lists John Leibig's immigration year of 1893 which gives me the information I need to find his actual immigration record for the same year. Leibig's previous residence in Germany is noted as Berg in Bavaria. His occupation is listed as a farmer. We also see that he has never visited the United States and that he paid his own way, $50, to travel to America. Leibig traveled on a ship called SS Pennsylvania from Antwerp, Holland to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.




SS Pennsylvania (1872) embarking on her trial trip, May 5 1873. The event was celebrated as a half-day holiday by the citizens of Philadelphia, about 50,000 of whom are said to have attended. Photo courtesy of wikimedia.


And this is where the trail of John Leibig goes cold. I can find no record of him or his wife Diana in the 1930 US Census. There is no evidence that he ever received fair payment for a homestead in rural Wyoming that he spent nearly three decades building.

And this should be the end of the story but it is not.

In April 1922 a US Attorney began formal legal proceedings to strip John Leibig of his citizenship though by US law Leibig automatically lost his citizenship when he was convicted of a felony. By 1922 John Leibig is nowhere to be found.

From Aliens and Slackers,

U. S. Attorney Albert D. Walton, who replaced Wilson appointee Rigdon when Harding became President, wrote to the postmaster in Hanna, Wyoming, asking about Leibig's whereabouts, adding that he assumed Leibig was dead. The postmaster answered, "In reply to your letter of May 2 relative to the death of John Leibig, [I] will say that I have no direct proof." He wrote that a local man, John Dolling of Medicine Bow, had received a letter stating that Leibig had died in Mexico and asking him to "advise relatives in Germany of his death."

Like Wyoming historian Roberts I have to ask why the United States government would work so hard to perform a redundant legal act? Was this common practice? Much of the evidence suggests that this had to be performed as the ranch of John Leibig and his patents for land use had never been legally transferred and there was no record of the sale. In essence, this also shows evidence of a motive for various people claiming treasonous statements from Leibig. As a wealthy immigrant who worked hard to homestead and build a ranch, he would have been envied for his land, his cattle, his sheep, and his water rights. Did the company that was buying him out convince neighbors to make false statements? Did the neighbors testify against John Leibig in his treason trial because they thought he had gotten away with murder when found not guilty of the death of Louis Senfton? Was this a case of wild west justice?


More from Aliens and Slackers:

"This rationale for stripping Leibig's citizenship gains currency from a letter written by Carpenter's lawyer. Rawlins attorney A. McMicken wrote to the U. S. Attorney in May 1922, asking what the effect of the citizenship cancellation might have "on lands patented to Leibig and sold by him to another who has since died and his estate has been closed and settled in probate and the lands disposed of to a third party under order of sale in probate." McMicken said the "last purchaser desired me to make inquiry."

There is a tricky legal situation here. A substantial ranch was about to be transferred to a company in which the deceased had a partial share and was to receive a substantial payment. His estate is finally valued at about $6,000 and the person who was a witness at the murder trial eventually bought the ranch for less than $1,000. It doesn't sound like a fair deal.

Anti-German Sentiment in the US

We also know that this is during a time that German Americans who were citizens and had been in the United States for years were being targeted by others who viewed them as conspiring with their native countries or as remaining loyal to their native countries over their adopted homeland. The anti-German sentiment was felt all over the United States during World War I and again during World War II.




Also included in the inmate file of John Leibig is a letter received in June 1936 from a law firm representing the relatives of Leibig and asking the Warden if he had died in prison or been released. They are inquiring over "the disposition of his estate" as in, where is the money? In this letter, the lawyer states that his family believed that Leibig had handed over his estate to his lawyer Hugo Donzelman, also a German immigrant. (If you read his biography that is linked to his name in the previous sentence, Donzelman has a long and successful career as a lawyer in Wyoming.) Specifically, the lawyer is representing Leibig's sister and brother-in-law in Germany and their son John Richter who is at this time living in Chicago, Illinois.

The prison responds with basic information about John Leibig's sentence and shows the family that he was released 17 years prior to receiving the letter of inquiry. It does raise the question: Why did John Leibig never correspond with this family in Germany about where he went to after prison? Was Leibig embarrassed and ashamed over the prison sentence and the loss of his property and life's work? Did he feel guilty? In revisiting the correspondence list from his prison record, no one from Germany contacted him during his year-long prison sentence. Was John estranged from his sister? Germany has very rigid inheritance laws-- did the relatives of John Leibig think there was still property left to be distributed? I have to conclude that we will never know all of the answers here.

A final note: I have approached the story of John Leibig as an armchair researcher using and synthesizing information from online original documents. Hopefully, I have added a few more clues to the unusual life of John Leibig. I think one of my main goals was to build on the existing research by massaging a few extra observations from the original documents. I enjoy using the federal inmate records available at the National Archives to imagine what the life of another person would be like. I also want to help tell the stories of inmates whose stories are generally much more complicated and nuanced than they appear in newspapers or on television.

Who Was Artist Chaim Soutine?

While some call Chaim Soutine a French artist, he was actually a Jewish artist born in present-day Belarus who spent his formative years painting in France. I have also seen him referred to as Lithuanian which is not the case. Soutine studied art in Lithuania but was born in a region of Russia that is now Belarus.

There is not a lot of background material on the Russian artist and Expressionist Chaim Soutine. He was born Chaim-Iche Solomonovich Sutine in Smilavichyi, a Jewish shtetl in the Russian Empire in 1893, and was one of eleven children. From 1910-1913, he studied in Vilnius, an art town in Lithuania at the Vilna Academy of Art.

Like a good detective, the film Chaim Soutine: 20th Century Expressionist Artist (2008) starts at the beginning of Soutine’s life by looking at his file from when he immigrated from Russia to France. Chaim Soutine: 20th Century Expressionist Artist is a fast and enjoyable documentary film suitable for high school students, college students, artists, and art lovers.

Self-portrait, Chaim Soutine, 1918. Courtesy of Wikimedia.

From Russia to Paris

In 1912, Soutine arrived in Paris and lived at the same address as another famous Russian artist Marc Chagall who was also Jewish and born in current-day Belarus. Soutine took painting classes at the Fine Arts Academy in Paris, the École des Beaux-Arts, and studied under Fernand Corman. What is interesting to note about Soutine is that looking at the paintings of Corman, he would have studied very classical painting and art. But the somewhat skewed and unique paintings by Chaim Soutine are not at all classical.

This film draws on an archival film interview with Michel Kikoine, an artist and longtime friend of Soutine. A current interview with the daughter of Kikoine, Claire Maratier, provides wonderful insight into the life of Soutine. Sadly, Maratier remembers Soutine as the proverbial starving artist. Another friend of Soutine’s recalled that he had thrown out all of his furniture because it was filled with bedbugs. Yuck!

Portrait of Chaim Soutine by Amadeo Modigliani (1917)

Soutine and Modigliani

In 1914, Soutine volunteered to join a trench-digging corps of soldiers preparing for WWI, but poor health demanded that he leave his labor after a few months. Later in Paris, France, Soutine was introduced to artist Amadeo Modigliani by another artist, Jacques Lipschitz. Soutine and Modigliani later shared an apartment together. Modigliani and Soutine were both enamored with each other’s artwork and the older artist, Modigliani, introduced Soutine to his art dealer Leopold Zborowski.

It makes sense that artists Chaim Soutine and Amadeo Modigliani would become friends. They are both living and working artists in France from another country. They both have very unique painting styles that challenge the status quo of classical art. They also both liked to drink alcohol. Both Modigliani and Soutine were Jewish and lived in a time and place where Jews were discriminated against. As artists and Jews living during World War I, Soutine and Modigliani would have many shared interests.

While the art dealer Zborowski put Soutine on a retainer of five francs per day, he also sent him away to paint in Céret in southern France as Zborowski’s wife allegedly could not stand the foreign and gruff Soutine.

Portrait of Leopold Zborowski by Amadeo Modigliani

Soutine Subject Matter

Soutine became interested in painting the flayed animals that were hung out to sell by the local butchers in Céret. So taken with this meaty subject matter, Soutine would sneak into slaughterhouses to paint. Animal carcasses remained a recurring theme for most of Soutine's working life as did landscapes and portraiture.

One of the best parts of this film is that much of the scenery painted by Soutine still exists. The filmmakers excel at melding actual landscapes with the paintings of Soutine to show the similarity but also to reveal the exaggeration that Soutine used that often turned into extreme Expressionism. This film also shows the vigorous and almost manic brushwork that characterizes a Soutine painting.

When Soutine’s dealer and patron Leopold Zborowski comes to visit the artist in Céret, he is unhappy with the new paintings. In a fit of frustration, Soutine burns many canvases.

Le Petit Patissier 1922-23 by Chaim Soutine

Dr. Barnes Discovers Soutine

When American art collector Dr. Albert Barnes comes to Paris, he buys up many of Soutine’s paintings. It is thrilling to hear the tale of Soutine’s overnight success from an eyewitness, art dealer Paul Guillaume. While in the studio of Modigliani, Guillaume spied a painting in the corner which caused him great excitement. The painting was a portrait of a pastry chef from Céret with an exaggerated ear. Guillaume bought the painting and hung it in his gallery. When Dr. Barnes saw the painting he is reported to have said, “That’s a peach of a painting.”

However, a letter from Dr. Barnes tells a different story. Barnes claims that he first saw a painting by Soutine when he was with Paul Guillaume at a café in 1922 in Montparnasse, France, and then went and bought 52 paintings from Leopold Zborowski. Barnes writes in a letter, 

“The main reason I bought so many of the paintings was that they were a surprise, if not a shock, and I wanted to find out how he got that way. Besides, I felt he was making creative use of certain traits of the work of Bosch, Tintoretto, Van Gogh, Daumier, and Cézanne, and was getting new effects with color.”

In 1923, Zborowski sends Soutine to paint in the French Rivera. By this time, Soutine’s allowance was raised to 25 francs and he was enjoying the fruits of his artistic labor, as was Zborowski. As a painter and artist whose work was selling, this was a win-win for the artist and the art dealer.

Carcass of Beef, 1925, by Chaim Soutine

Who Influenced Soutine?

In discussing the animal carcass paintings of Soutine, it is noted that he drew inspiration from other artists who had painted the same subject matter including Rembrandt’s Slaughtered Ox (1655) and Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, The Ray (1728). The weird and wiggly painting of Chaim Soutine has much in common with Belgian artist James Ensor (1860-1949), who also painted carcasses. Soutine visited the Louvre in Paris often and admired the works of Corot and Courbet. The work of Soutine influenced other artists who came after him including Francis Bacon, Jackson Pollack, and Willem de Kooning.

When art dealer Leopold Zborowski loses all of his money in the stock market crash of 1929 and later passes away, two new art collectors, Madeline and Marcellin Castaing fall in love with the artwork of Chaim Soutine. The artist has his own bedroom in their country estate in Leves near Chartres, and Soutine visits often to paint the beautiful countryside.

During World War II Chaim Soutine is placed under house arrest along with his wife as he is a Russian Jew and she is German. Short of cash, Soutine tries to pay for milk and eggs with paintings, but the villagers regard his artwork as too strange to even trade for-- if they only knew the current value of the artist's work!

As a Jew, Soutine was forced to register with the French government, and then he moved many times to escape detection. In 1943 Soutine dies of a recurring stomach ulcer which could only have caused excruciating pain and agony for the artist, another victim of the Nazis.

Eva, 1928, painting by Chaim Soutine

The Legacy of Chaim Soutine

While Chaim Soutine dies at age of 50 his artwork continues to be admired and revered in ways that the artist could not have ever imagined. For example, a painting by Soutine entitled Le Bœuf Écorché, 1924, sold at auction in 2006 for $13.8 million. The artist's paintings have been recognized for their painterliness and avant-garde subject matter-- Soutine was ahead of the art curve.

Another of Soutine's paintings became a rallying point for Belarussian independence and fair elections in 2020. The town where Chaim Soutine was born is in current-day Belarus. You can read more about it in this opinion piece by Belarus professor Almira Ousmanova. The National Gallery of Art in Washington DC has a great brief bio of the artist attached to the portrait of Soutine painted by his friend Amadeo Modigliani.