The Great Textbook War, 1974, Kanawha County, West Virginia

Photo courtesy West Virginia Humanities

This is an older blog post but given the current abundance of book banning in the United States, I thought there was a need to bring back this article about a great radio production from American RadioWorks about The Great Textbook War of 1974 in Kanawha County, West Virginia.

West Virginia Demographic Information

For some context about West Virginia in 1974, the racial makeup of the state was 95.6% white. In comparing that to current statistics, West Virginia has about the same population as it did in 1974 and the racial makeup of the state is 93.5%, according to the United State Census Bureau. In other words, West Virginia remains one of the whitest states in the USA. (For context, my home state of Maryland is about 58.5% white.)

Civil Rights Movement Encouraged a Different Point of View

There was a huge explosion in the promotion of multiculturalism in education during the Civil Rights Movement in America, which many still consider a work in progress. In 1974, the country was at war in Vietnam and Richard Nixon resigned as President of the United States over the Watergate scandal. Public school textbooks that had previously only taught the history from the point of view of white colonists were encouraged to present the history of multiple ethnicities and cultures. I think it is also worth mentioning that in 1972, President Richard Nixon visited China and opened up diplomatic relations, another step in expanding multiculturalism in the US.

Kanawha County in West Virginia houses the state capital of Charleston but also encompasses farmlands and hollows that are quite rural. This clash of cultures and shift in thinking led to the Great Textbook War of Kanawha County, West Virginia in 1974.

For more context, as a young white girl growing up in Baltimore City, the African American population was about 46% in 1970. And yet, my first textbooks featured two white children Dick and Jane who were growing up in the suburbs with a nuclear family. Many places in the United States were re-writing history books to include the presence and accomplishments of African Americans and women.

Conservative Values in West Virginia

In part, the divide between the Kanawha County Board of Education was cultural. A conservative Kanawha County Board of Education member Alice Moore had campaigned to become elected to the school board by protesting sex education being taught in schools. At first, her disagreement was over allowing students to use colloquialisms in school rather than formally accepted standards of the King’s English. Later these parents’ concerns spread to the content of the textbooks including disagreeing about the writings of people like Eldridge Cleaver and Malcolm X included in the curriculum. 

So in part, the divide in Kanawha County that led to violence and discord was racial. While urban Charleston may have had a small percentage of blacks and minorities, rural Charleston had almost none. Many rural West Virginians resented the idea of outsiders coming in and telling them what they had to teach their children. 

Photo courtesy WV Encyclopedia/Charleston Newspapers

Fundamental Christian Values in WV

The other part of the cultural divide between rural and urban was religious. In urban Charleston, most of the citizens went to traditional denominations of Christian churches such as Episcopal, Methodist, and Catholic. Rural Kanawha County residents tended to belong to nondenominational churches and more conservative Christian denominations such as Baptist. An example in a proposed textbook included an Aesop fable that compares itself to a Bible story. Some took this as an implication that the Bible was merely a myth or fairy tale undermining the traditional Christian values of rural Kanawha County, West Virginia.

The disagreement and protest became so bitter over the textbooks that a school strike was begun. Estimates are between 20-50 percent of the Kanawha County school children stayed home as part of the school strike. Even coal miners went on strike to show solidarity with the textbook protest. While some protested the textbook, students at George Washington High School walked out of school protesting the censorship of the books. 

KKK Supports Textbook Banning

Even the Ku Klux Klan showed up to support those protesting the textbooks adding further fuel to the fire that this was a race-based protest. Cars were set on fire and fifteen sticks of dynamite were detonated near a Board of Education office just after a meeting let out. At one point in the Textbook Wars, a fistfight breaks out at a Board of Education meeting. Midway Elementary School at Campbell’s Creek was dynamited one night in protest of the textbooks.  

So who won the Great Textbook War? The fallout from the textbook wars was perhaps mixed. Textbook protesters claimed victory as many of the books were never used in the county. Textbook supporters claimed victory that the books were in some of the schools even though some teachers were afraid to use the books.

The award-winning radio show concludes with a quote by teacher and textbook selection committee member Nell Wood who says,

“I think it is necessary for us to grow up and recognize that it’s a big, wide, wonderful, scary, ugly, beautiful world. There’s everything in it and we have to learn to look at it and not fall apart.” 

These are great words to remember as we plod forward to the current culture wars that are apparent in the United States of America.

Listen to The Great Textbook War by Trey Kay, Deborah George, and Stan Bumgardner on American RadioWorks at the American Public Media. 

http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/textbooks/

• 52 minutes

• 2010 Peabody Award Recipient

You can read more about this chapter in American history in the online West Virginia Encyclopedia here where they very politely refer to it as the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy.

Top 10 Things I Have Learned About Rural Libraries

It has been a little over a year since I became the director of the Pioneer Memorial Public Library in Harman, West Virginia.

While I have lots of library experience, it was primarily in urban areas. This is the first rural, remote library that I have ever worked in. While the size of our collection and our patronage might be small, I have learned some BIG library lessons here. Please allow me to list in descending order the Top Ten Things I Have Learned About Rural Libraries.

10. I cannot please all of our patrons. Although it may cause me sadness when I cannot find the book or material that a patron requests, I can feel good knowing that I have tried my best for them. If our library doesn't own a book, I can offer to buy the book (if it will appeal to others) or inter-library loan the book.

9. Being in charge of a library is a lot like owning your own home. You will always have projects on your "to do" list, and it is impossible to have everything perfect. Somedays, the hours fly by and I realize that I have been so busy helping patrons that I have had very little time to do other things, like cataloging, ordering library supplies, or eating lunch.

8. My best ideas for the library and for buying books come from the patrons. Don't let salespeople at publishing companies persuade you into previewing books. Your patrons are your best source of ideas for books to buy for your library.

7. The patron who is in front of you is more important than any task at hand, unless your library is on fire. Good customer service is the key to a successful small library. Listen carefully to every complaint and suggestion. This is better than any focus group or survey.

6. Know the difference between a teaching moment and when you can just provide a service for your patron. While it is great to try to teach someone how to use a word processing software, if they have limited reading and writing skills, you may both be better off if you just type and write for your patron who needs a flyer created or a letter written.

5. Keep an updated list of talking points for community members, members of the legislature, your board of trustees, and potential donors. Your library is important. Why is it important? Make a list, spell it out, make sure you have a few bullet points that you can tell someone else to remind them of the services offered by the library. An example, "This year, we are reading nonfiction books about animal habitats to help reinforce Content Standard Objectives for Pre-K to third grade."

4. Don't make any major changes for the first six months to one year. Take time to assess the culture of your library and to absorb the process that has evolved. After time, evaluate what works well in the library and what does not. Try changing or tweaking small aspects of your library to improve services or information organization. Evaluate your changes to make sure that they are in line with the mission of your library. (Also, remember that when you effect change you are also changed by the thing you are changing.)

3. Genealogy and tourism play an important part of the activity at a rural public library. At least once or twice a week, we receive visitors who are researching their family trees or copying their genealogies. We have many local genealogies that have been lovingly collected, typed, and hand-written by local researchers. Tourists use the library as a place to use the restroom, stretch legs, get directions, and check email.

2. Libraries have a long and loyal following. The wonderful thing about libraries is that so many people have a warm, and perhaps nostalgic, connection to public libraries. It's easy for me to sell the value of reading and libraries to this natural audience.

1. A small library in a small town may be more important than a big library in a big town. Why? Because in urban areas the general public has a variety of access points for the Internet or buying books, from Starbucks to Barnes & Noble. In a rural community, people may not have access to broadband Internet or bookstores. And it's not just my crazy theory--The Institute of Museum and Library Services conducted a recent report that says the same thing here.

The Power of Reading When Powerless

So in case you haven't heard, Superstorm Sandy came through on Monday evening and stuck around for a few days leaving power outages, downed power lines, and lots and lots of very wet snow. It was pretty at first. Then, when I realized the snow wasn't going to stop it got a little scary. Then the lights went out.

Without electricity for four full days I had a lot of time on my hands to consider the hardships of our pioneer ancestors who came to West Virginia to find a little patch of land to call their own. Left without electronic devices of TV or Internet, I began to read.

Someone had recommended the book "Follow the River" by John Alexander Thom. This historical fiction tells the story of Mary Draper Ingles (1732-1815) who was kidnapped by the Shawnee Indians from early western Virginia. Ingles later escapes and travels hundreds of miles to find her way home. I had trouble with the detailed violence in this book and could only make my way through about 50 pages before I abandoned this book to move onto something a little more peaceful. (If you are braver than I and want to check this book out we do have it at the library.)

A book I have been meaning to recommend that I read recently is "The Midwife of Hope River" by Patricia Harman. Set somewhere in West Virginia during The Great Depression, I found this book to be real, warm, and very believable. The titular midwife is Patience Murphy, a new midwife with a checkered past practicing baby birthing in Appalachia. The way Harman has structured the chapters is such that we read the story of a birth and then read the journal entry that Patience records for each new delivery. There is not a lot of conflict in this book, but the various people that Patience encounters along her midwife duties are fascinating and realistic. And yes, Patricia Harman lives in West Virginia and has an extensive background as a midwife.

I moved onto "The Night Circus" by Erin Morgenstern. (Nothing pioneer-like here, it is pure turn-of-the-last-century fantasy.) This book held my attention for two days and 528 pages. It is about a lovely and mysterious circus that opens only at night and without notice. The imagery in this book is amazing. All black and white with punctuations of red. My only complaint is that the conflict set up by the premise is never really fully realized. What is wonderful about The Night Circus is the imagined world of this magical circus that is populated by delicious treats, trained kittens, mysterious circus planners, and an exotic contortionist. Nothing super deep, but a fun ride none the less.

I am so grateful to have had such great books to read while we were without electricity. The power of reading allowed me to escape from the oppressive feeling (especially at night) brought on by the extreme change in our daily routines. And reading about Patience Murphy reminded me that even without electricity I had way more resources available to me than our pioneer ancestors did.

I am hoping that you all weathered the storm fairly well. We measured a full 2-1/2-feet of snow at our place just outside Glenmore near Elkins. There are countless trees down, power lines down, and also folks who are still without electricity. I am truly grateful to the power line workers who came from all over the country to help us out in the wake of this freakish storm.